NOTE: I started researching this page in August 2020, and did a partial first draft in Septemeber
2020, so the choice of the National Mall in Washington DC for dimensional comparisons was entirely unrelated to the
insurrection of January 6th, 2021.
Note: This page is still a work in progress, but I imposed a deadlin on myself to get the site updates in
place before the Economist World Ocean Summit on March 1st-5th.
No doubt there will be polishing, rewriting, and integration of the 2 sections in the days and weeks ahead.
As eartbound animals, we have a distorted concept of the vertical scale of things. We imagine that the sky is enormous,
but think nothing of the distance we easily cover in cars. The troposphere, which is the only layer of the atmosphere that
we can breathe (at least a large slice of it), also contains 80% of the atmosphere's mass, nearly all the water vapor, and nearly
all of the weather, in point of fact ranges only from 6km deep at the poles and to most 18 km deep in the tropics. So, if it were possible to
drive a car straight up at 35 miles per hour (56 kilometers per hour), the driver would be out of the troposphere in as little
as 6.4 and at most 19.3 minutes. Most of us would perceive ourselves to be very high up if we were in the top of a 100 foot (30.5 meter)
tree, but most of us can walk 100 feet in an extremely short time, and don't see it as at all far.
Now for some context, from top to bottom. Mount Everest is 8.9km (5.5mi) high. Humans have lived for 2 years at 5.95km (3.7mi) altitude. The highest human settlement
is at 5.1km (3.17mi). 50% of the entire mass of the atmosphere is between 0-5.6km (3.48mi), exactly a 6 minute traverse at 35mph (56kph).
According to 1998 figures,1 more than 99% of all humans live at or below 2800m (1.73mi) high, a 3 minute drive at 35mph.
95% of people lived at or below 1600m altitude (0.994mi). 75% of people live at or below 523m altitude, and 75% of occupied land is at
or below 846m high. 33.5% of people live at or below just 100m above sea level (328 feet). The current record for the 100m dash belongs
to Usain Bolt, at 9.58 seconds.
Getting to the hydrosphere, the photic zone, where light penetrates the ocean and photosynthesis can occur, is 200m deep. And estimates vary,
but let us say that the ocean produces 2/3rds of the Earths O2, molecular oxygen, supply. So a vertical distance that Usain Bolt could cover
in 19.16 seconds produces 2/3rds of our oxygen. The average depth of the World Ocean is 3.682km (2.288 mi), a distance that can be covered in less than
4 minutes at 35 mph. And 99.8% of the area of the ocean is 6km (3.73mi) or less deep, a 6.4 minute traverse at 35mph. The 33 Hadal Zone trenches, of which the Marianas Trench is the deepest
at 10.984km (6.825mi), account for only 0.2% of the area.
If we make the assumption that the biosphere extends as far as 2km below the Marianas trench floor level, and to the height of the troposphere
(see Aeroplankton), then the entire height or thickness of the biosphere on the sphere of the Earth
comes to about 31km (19.25mi), which could be traversed in a mere 33 minutes 35 mph.
The Earth's non-gaseous diameter is about 12,742 km or 7,918 mi. So, on a basketball sized Earth (9.5in / 24.13cm), the totality of the biosphere
could fit in a spherical shell a mere 561.5 microns (0.5615 millimeters) thick. For comparison, a human hair is between 17-181 microns across,
and a sheet of copy paper is about 100 microns thick. We tend to think of space and astronauts as very high indeed, but in low earth orbit around 408-410km
up, the International Space Station is only 7.76 millimeters or 0.306 inches above our basketball model-Earth
The average depth of the world ocean is 3.682 kilometers (2.288 mi) which is less than the length of
Washington DC's National Mall (2.69mi):
So if the Earth (non-gaseous diameter 12,742 km or 7,918 mi) were the size of a basketball, the average
depth of the ocean would be 0.068 millimeters (68 microns or micrometers). For comparison, a human hair
ranges from 17 to 181 microns wide, and a sheet of copy paper is about 0.1mm, 100 microns. This is 9.2
1000ths of 1 percent of the diameter.
The perimeter of the National Mall as calculated by me in Google Maps (6.84mi):
is longer than the depth of the Mariana's trench by 23 meters, longer than the altitude of Mount Everest
by 1.159 km, and shorter than the total average height of the troposphere by only 1.193 km. The
troposphere (from 18km deep at the equator to 6km deep at the poles) contains 75% of the atmosphere's
mass, nearly all the weather, and 99% of the water vapor.
Meanwhile, all of the photosynthesis in the ocean happens in the top 200 meters of depth, as far as light
can penetrate (the 'photic zone'), and 95% of all humans live at 1600m of altitude or less (well, in
1998 they did anyway). That 1600 meters of depth is less than the length of the western edge of the East
Potomac golf course (1.10mi / 1.77km):
It is also less than the perimeter of the shopping mall just past the highway from here in Louisville, KY (1.15mi / 1.85km):
or 29.94 microns on basketball sized earth, 3 100ths of a millimeter.
The authors argue that while it seems like the climate change catastrophe is rolling on unchecked, governmental and international action are insufficient, and corporate power continues to hold back progress, the incredible advances that have been made since 2010 have already taken the direst scenarios of 4-8 degrees centigrade of warming off the table. They argue that if this is what could be accomplished in 10ish years with market, individual, NGO, and community forces and technological advances, now that governments (and some businesses) are gettng more serious (and technology continues to drop prices and raise efficiencies), far more progress is in the near future. Hence "We WILL fix climate change!". Not to say that there won't continue to be damages, but we are well on the way to taming their expansion and repairing some of them. There is an extended discussion of doomism and despair and how that really only helps the biggest emitters and fossil companies who benefit if people are too disengaged or depressed to do anything about it (they may even promote it...).
GeoGirl has a lot of interesting stuff which include slides and infographics, not just a talking head. She has posted several in recent months on oceans and climate change, and other climate change aspects. I am only including one here for simplicity, but definitely check out the others, if that's your kind of thing. She also has a website at geogirlscience.com and is on Instagram and LinkedIn.
GeoGirl says:
Hi! My name is Rachel, I post educational geoscience videos. Whether you studying for an exam, or just someone interested in geoscience and related fields, there is something for you on this channel!
About me: I earned my PhD in geoscience at UTEP and now work as an NSF postdoctoral fellow at the University of South Carolina!
The books and references I use for my videos are always linked in the individual video descriptions :)
Environmental educators face a formidable challenge when they approach climate change due to the complexity of the science and of the political and cultural contexts in which people live. There is a clear consensus among climate scientists that climate change is already occurring as a result of human activities, but high levels of climate change awareness and growing levels of concern have not translated into meaningful action. Communicating Climate Change provides environmental educators with an understanding of how their audiences engage with climate change information as well as with concrete, empirically tested communication tools they can use to enhance their climate change program.
Starting with the basics of climate science and climate change public opinion, Armstrong, Krasny, and Schuldt synthesize research from environmental psychology and climate change communication, weaving in examples of environmental education applications throughout this practical book. Each chapter covers a separate topic, from how environmental psychology explains the complex ways in which people interact with climate change information to communication strategies with a focus on framing, metaphors, and messengers. This broad set of topics will aid educators in formulating program language for their classrooms at all levels. Communicating Climate Change uses fictional vignettes of climate change education programs and true stories from climate change educators working in the field to illustrate the possibilities of applying research to practice. Armstrong et al, ably demonstrate that environmental education is an important player in fostering positive climate change dialogue and subsequent climate change action.
